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Ethereum: Why Spendable and Resolvable Outputs Are False
In the world of blockchain technology, especially in Ethereum, the concept of spendable and resolvable outputs can be misleading. As a developer or researcher familiar with the Ethereum ecosystem, it is essential to understand what these terms mean and why they might seem false.
What are Expendable and Resolvable Outputs?
In Ethereum, a transaction is considered “spendable” when its output is redeemable for Ether (ETH) at a rate of one ETH per unit. In other words, an output can be spent on something in exchange for a certain amount of ETH. The ability of this output to be spendable determines whether it has value or utility.
On the other hand, an output is considered “solvable” when its weight (i.e., the number of gas units needed to call a function) is resolvable by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Solvability refers to whether the gas limit of the function can be satisfied within the timeframe of the transaction execution. When an output has both spendable and resolvable properties, it means that:
- Spendable: The output cannot be spent directly for ETH without an additional process or action.
- Solvable: The weight of the output is within the gas limit of the EVM, allowing it to execute.
Why are expendable and resolvable outputs both false?
The reason why inputs (aka the “spendable” part) might appear false is that they have been removed from the transaction. In Ethereum, when a transaction includes an input, it means that the output has already been spent or has no value. This is because transactions are designed to be one-way: once the transaction is executed, the inputs and outputs are no longer “spendable” in the traditional sense.
On the other hand, the resolvable property of an output may still be retained even if its input is removed from the transaction. For example, if a function call has been optimized or cached by the EVM to reduce gas consumption, it can still be executed with the same weight (i.e., resolvable). However, this does not mean that the original output was “spendable”.
What does this mean for developers and users?
If you encounter an Ethereum transaction that appears to have a spendable but non-resolvable output, there are several possibilities:
- Function has been optimized: The function call may have been rewritten to reduce gas consumption, making it more efficient to execute.
- Gas limit has been increased
: The user or developer may have manually increased the EVM’s gas limit on an input or function call to account for optimization or caching.
- Transaction is incomplete: In some cases, a transaction may be partially executed without including all of the necessary inputs or outputs.
To check if a specific output is spendable and resolvable in Ethereum:
- Check the transaction details: look at the “txid” field to ensure that the input has been removed from the transaction.
- Check the function name and parameters: ensure that the function call has not been optimized for caching or other purposes.
- Use tools like
ethers.jsoreth-abito inspect the gas usage and weights of the EVM output.
In conclusion, spendable and resolvable outputs in Ethereum can appear fake for a variety of reasons, such as function optimizations or increased gas limits. Developers and users should be aware of these nuances when working with transactions in this ecosystem.
